The Psychological Factors Involved in Child Abuse Essay

Child abuse is a term impacted by copious multidimensional and interactive factors that relate to its origins and effects upon a childs developing capacities and which may act as a catalyst to broader, longer-term implications for adulthood. Such maltreatment may be of a sexual, physical, emotional or neglectful nature, each form holding a proportion of shared and abuse-specific psychological considerations (Mash Wolfe, 2005). Certainly in terms of the effects / impairments of abuse, developmental factors have been identified across all classifications of child abuse, leading to a comparably greater risk of emotional / mental health problems in adult life within the general population†¦show more content†¦Research conducted in the United States of America clearly identifies an interaction between victim age and abuse characteristics (USDHHS, 2003). There exists a negative correlation between the onset and prevalence of physical neglect and victim age, for instance, indicati ve of a young childs dependency upon the caregiver for supervision and nurture (Mash Wolfe, 2005). The incidence of physical and emotional abuse is also most prominent during developmental periods of independence, specifically the early, pre-school and adolescent transitional stages of development (ibid). Sexual abuse has prevailed most consistently, however, from an onset of age 3 throughout childhood, highlighting the vulnerability of children across the age-spectrum (ibid). Nevertheless, victim gender is emphasised as an influential variable within the incidence and nature of sexual abuse; for females have accounted for up to 80% of reported victims and are more likely to be abused by male family members in contrast to male victims, where the perpetrator of abuse is more likely to be a non-family male offender (USDHHS, 2003; Berliner Elliott, 2002). 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More and more children are being effected

The Mayflower Compact Free Essays

Morison’s quote does not diminish the importance of early documents such as The Mayflower Compact. It only puts it in context of part of a larger process that began with the English settlement of North America. The compact did not create a plan for Democracy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mayflower Compact or any similar topic only for you Order Now It did, however, establish a theoretical framework that would grow over the succeeding centuries. In 1620 the Pilgrims created a document of self-governance. It was meant to foster a better society, if only within their small colony. It was a combination of religious ideals and ideals of freedom. The Mayflower Compact was not a constitution. It did, however, implant ideas that would be central to the creation of a new and prosperous nation The Origins When the Pilgrims sailed for North America, nothing was assured. They were taking a tremendous risk with their lives. Past settlements had been decimated by weather, disease and Indian attacks. Despite the hardships, the settlers saw the new world as a great opportunity. Many were fleeing from religious persecution in Europe. While they remained loyal to the King of England, the fact was that the new settlers were far from his direct control. Some on board the Mayflower saw this as a chance to form a better and more just government. The Mayflower had landed far north of Virginia, its original destination. The settlers knew they were beyond the control of the Virginia Company. They would have to make do on their own. Knowing that past settlements had failed because of a lack of coherent government, the settlers took steps to remedy the problem. In 1620, they wrote the Mayflower compact. It was a basic theory of government. The settlers past experiences with religion and various forms of persecution influenced the document. The theory of government stated in the Mayflower Compact would, in time, become the prevailing model for a democratic society. The compact begins by paying homage to the King, but goes on to spell out the ideas of freedom that form the bedrock of American culture. The Ideals The signers of the Mayflower compact were Puritan separatists. For pragmatic reasons they recognized the King of England. They were primarily concerned, however, with staying in the good graces of God. They brought with them a unique combination of experiences and motives. The Puritans wanted a society more in accordance with their religion. However, they also had experienced the pain of religious persecution. They innately understood the danger of an all-powerful government. While they were firm in their religious beliefs, they wanted to limit how much those beliefs were written into future laws. The result was a local government based on social contract. It was pragmatic, given the small size of the colony. Everyone had to work together for survival. It was also idealistic in its aims. The social contract was not a new idea, but the settlement of America gave the first opportunity to use it on a large scale. The social contract was necessary to encourage further settlements that could survive away from a central government. The Mayflower Compact created a theoretical template to do this. The Pilgrims called their creation a â€Å"civil body politik† (Dahl, 2000). Its purpose was to enact just laws that would benefit the colony as a whole. The Plymouth colony eventually succeeded. Other colonies adopted the ideas of the Mayflower Compact, and the social contract became the primary form of government in America. The Lasting Impact Here was a unanimous and personal assent by all the individuals of the community to the association by which they became a nation. John Adams, 1802 (from The Pilgrim Hall Museum, 1998) The Mayflower Compact started a process by which democracy took root in America. Success breeds success. The Plymouth colony provided an example that people can thrive by essentially ruling themselves. The feeling that the colonists didn’t need an all-powerful king set in over the first hundred years of European colonization. The eventual products of this feeling were the Declaration of Independence and the new United States Constitution. The society that sprung from the Mayflower Compact made room for the wide variety of people that would come to America in future years. Freedom encouraged ever more immigration, and democracy was strengthened. The Mayflower Compact itself was not a blueprint for democracy. It did, however, plant the seeds of freedom with self-restraint. That idea is central to American democracy. Sources Dahl, Robert A. (2000). On democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press. Eldredge, Laurence H. (1968). Men, laws and government: some reflections on the Mayflower Compact. Philadelphia: Society of Colonial Wars in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Pilgrim Hall Museum. (1998). Later Significance of the Mayflower Compact. Retrieved 2/6/2006 from: http://www.pilgrimhall.org/compcon.htm The Society of Mayflower Descendents. (2002). The Mayflower Compact. Retrieved 2/6/2006 from: http://www.ctmayflower.org/mayflower_compact.php Wishing, Lee. (2004). Thankful for a Fourth Grade Play. Retrieved 2/6/2006 from: http://gccsavvior.com/VISION__VALUES_CONCISE_Thankful _for_a_Fourth_Grade_Play.php?view_all=             How to cite The Mayflower Compact, Essay examples

Biography of Obafemi Awolowo-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a biography on Obafemi Awolowo, a Nigerian patriarch. Answer: Obafemi Awolowo was a leader and politician from Nigeria. He was also a Yoruba Chief. He was a native of Ikenne, Ogun State, Nigeria. He started as a regional political leader, as was the case with most other pre-independence contemporaries. He is considered as the founding father of Nigeria, and he had found in a number of organizations which included the Egbe Omo Oduduwa Trade Unions Congress of Nigeria as well as the political party named the Action Group. Awolowo was an active journalist and as a young man, he was also a trade unionist. He had edited The Nigerian Worker and some other publications. He also organized the Nigerian Produce Traders Association. He also acted as the secretary of Nigerian Motor Transport Union. Awolowo had graduated after completing his Bachelor of Commerce degree in Nigeria. Then he moved on to London to get a law degree. Awolowo was also a part of the Nigerian delegation that has taken part in the Constitutional talks that took place in London in 195 7. Another achievement was that he was the first premiere of Western Region according to the parliamentary system of Nigeria from 1954 to 1960. Later on, in the federal parliament to the Balewa government, Awolowo was the official leader of opposition from 1960 to 1963. He was put in jail on a charge of sedition in 1963. Later on, in 1967, he was pardoned and released from jail by the military government (Makinde and Obafemi, 2002). He became the finance minister from 1967 to 1971. He also unsuccessfully contested the presidential elections in 1979 and 1983. It was only in 1993 that the democracy had been restored in Nigeria after the 1966 coup. They start of the military regime in Nigeria was described as Awalowo as a Nigeria entering into a "dismal tunnel". He was aware of the challenge to hold the competing regions of Nigeria together as well as keeping the tribes under single federal system, which was considered to be the largest challenge for the newly born nation-state. He was in favor of local autonomy that was based on the ethno-linguistic identity of different regions. He also favored that the larger reasons should be split into smaller states (Meredith, 2005). Since then, 36 states have been created in Nigeria. The impact of the policies and ideas of Awolowo can even be seen today, particularly in the South, where it is considered that education and welfare programs play an important role in the task of creating citizens who can discharge their responsibilities of self-governance by taking active part in civil society (Dudley, 1978). As in this case, rivalries and competing interests are involved, generally the res ult of the issue of how the center has distributed the resources, equitable and just systems should be present in Nigeria that can also make sure the, the government is vested in all the persons and not only in elite persons (Adegbesan, 1988). In this way, Awolowo is considered as the founding father of the nation, and his legacy needs to be examined (Rotberg, 2004). The birth of Obafemi Awolowo took place in Ikenne, in Western Nigeria. His father was a farmer and he was educated at the church schools. Awolowo was working as an assistant teacher before it decided to go to Wesley College in Ibanadan as he wanted to get training as an educator. From there, he graduated in 1927. On the religious side, he was a Wesleyan Methodist. He joined a clerical position in the college in 1932 (Adekola, 2002). Later on, in 1934, he went into creating business and started to work for the Motor Transporter and the Produce Trader. This was a time when he also started to write articles for newspapers (Awolowo, 1981). He was behind the foundation of Nigerian Produce Traders Association. Similarly, he was also acting as the editor of The Nigerian Worker. Gradually, he also assumed the charge as the secretary of Nigerian Motor Transport Union. In 1937, he got married to Hannah Idowu Dideolu and the couple had three daughters and two sons. Awolowo had organized a successful strike in 1937. This strike was organized to oppose the "inequitable and unjust" colonial legislations. He was playing and a key role in the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) by the early 1940s (Makinde, 2007). He became the branch secretary of the NYM in Ibadan in 1940. In the same way, he also started an agitation in 1942 due to which reforms took place in the Ibadan Native Authority Advisory Board (Shillington, 2005). Similarly, he also co-founded the Trades Union Congress in Nigeria in 1943. He also organized a large-scale protest in 1944 to oppose the ban on the export of palm kernel. As a result of this ground level activism, the common people were convinced that they could face the British and even win (Ogunmodede, 1986). They also started to believe that they can challenge the colonial system in Africa as was done in India and the independence struggle of India but behind these civil disobedience tactics adopted by Awoolowo (Sklar, 2004). He ach ieved a bachelor of commerce degree in 1944, being an external student from the London University. He went to London in 1944 to study law. When he was in London, he took part in founding the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (it was a society of the descendents of Oduduwa, who were the ancestors of people speaking Yoruba). The main purpose of this organization is to study and to preserve the culture of the Yoruba (Simpson, 2006). This organization was launched in 1948 in Lagos (Duffy, J. and Manners (eds.). 1961). On November 18, 1946, Owolowo had qualified as a barrister at the Inner Temple and he returned to Nigeria. He had established a significant legal practice. Between 1947 and 1951 Owolowo worked as an advocate and a solicitor in the Supreme Court of Nigeria. Awolowo took his last breath on May 9, 1987 in his hometown, Ikenne. The politics of Awolowo: He had co-founded the action group in 1950 in the form of the political wing of Egbe Omo Oduduwa. This was mainly based in the Western Region, which was dominated by the Yoruba (Nolte, 2009). He was also elected to the assembly and he became the Minister of local Government in 1951 and remained in this position until 1954. During 1952 and 53, Awolowo undertook extensive travels and he visited Egypt, Ceylon, Pakistan and India. In these countries he discussed anticolonial struggle and self-determination (Weiner and Ergun, 1987). He particularly admired Jawaharlal Nehru. He also, published his autobiography, in the newspaper of the Action Group, The Tribune that had been founded by him in 1949 (Trask, 2004). After the constitutional changes that were introduced in 1954, Awolowo became the first Premiere of Eastern Region. Similarly in this year, he was also appointed the honorary Chief of the Yoruba. He had also taken part in the Constitutional talks that had taken place in London and Ghana in 1953, 57 and 58. This was the time when he also went to the United States, Italy, Germany and Japan. These visits were undertaken with a view to encourage trade relations with these countries (Makinde, 2009). On the eve of independence, in 1959, he resigned from Premiership with a view to take part in elections for the Federal assembly. Samuel Akintola became the opinion (Adebayo, 1988). The Hausa Fulani People's Congress had won the elections, along with the Eastern national Council of Nigeria (Richard, 2008). A Northern politician, Balewa became the Prime Minister of the country and Awolowo took charge as the official leader of opposition (Nwanwene, 1970). The policies of Awolowo: he had always believed that the resources of Nigeria should be generalized into education and the development of state led infrastructure. A controversy is also erupted when Awolowo had introduced free primary education at the considerable cost him all the Western region and he also established free television service in Africa (Zachernuk, 1988). In the same way, he expanded the electrification projects by using the income from highly profitable cocoa export industry (Ogunmodede, 1986). Even if he was very popular in the Western Nigeria, among the Yoruba, he became unpopular with the supposedly largest political bloc of the nation (the Northern, Muslim, Northern Peoples Congress) as a result of his left leanings. A lot of Nigerians were of the opinion that his policies were being dictated by the government of UK (Sklar, 1963). As compared to Nnamdi Akikwe of the NCNC, who was the first president of Nigeria in 1963, Awolowo was in favor of autonomy that was ba sed on ethno-linguistic identity (Shillington, 2005). Western Nigeria crisis: there were serious disagreement between Awolowo and Akintola regarding the way the Western region should be run. As a result, Akintola made an alliance with the NPC federal government, which was led by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. However, there were many persons in the Akintola's faction who were of the opinion that the preeminent position in business was being lost by the Yorubas and also the administration to Igbos due to the decision made by the NCNC to take part in the ruling coalition (Oke, Olatunji, Adebayo and Femi, (eds.). 2009). On the other hand, the opinion of Awolowo was that much more can be achieved by winning the next election without forming a coalition with the NCP. Some of the persons who were in favor of a partnership with the NCP were Muslim, and the others were "anti-Awolowo". The result was that accusations were made by each region against the others that they had received unfair share in jobs and resources (Olufemi, 1986). An unsuccessful at tempt was made to replace Akintola when his faction disrupted the assembly proceedings, and one member was even going to club the speaker. As a result of this crisis, Balewa had declared state of emergency in the Western region. He had also appointed administrator for the region (Nathaniel, 2008). Under these circumstances, the Nigerian National Democratic Party was formed by Akintola. This newly formed by the easily defeated the Action Group remnant in the elections that took place subsequently even if Awolowo commonly believed that the elections were rigged (Ikelegbe, 1988). In 1962, Awolowo and many other persons were charged by the government and after a trial that went on for 11 months, they were jailed for conspiring with some Ghanians including Kwame Nkrumah for overthrowing the government (Rotberg, 2004). The sentence was imprisoned for 10 years. In a book written by him in 1966, Thoughts on the Nigerian Constitution, he had defended federalism but at the same time, he had also recommended that 18 smaller states should be created that can replace the regions (Meredith, 2005). The Action Group remnants took part in the national elections in 1965 and had entered into an alliance with mainly Igbo and south-eastern national Council of Nigeria, as well as the NCNC. The elections were won by the NPC-NNDP even while there were accusations of fraud and Balewa remained the Prime Minister of the country. The result was that violent riots took place in many parts of the Western region (Olufemi, 1991). Major three political parties were dominated by various ethnic groups and effectively they were regional parties that were taking part in the national elections. The seats in the national assembly were in proportion to the population of these regions. As the North had the highest population, it was also guaranteed to win more seats. In the Western and Eastern regions, there was a suspicion that NCP had given unfair advantages to the North and in this region; the oil revenue was also produced (Weiner and zbudun, 1987). The aftermath of these elections included a military coup led by the Igbo on January 15, 1966. In this coup, the Prime Minister had been killed, and also Ahmadau Bello, the Premier of the Northern Region. After this military coup, there was a counter coup on January 16, 1966. This resulted in the establishment of a national military government. A third coup took place on July 29, which overthrew this government itself. Pardon was given to Chief Awolowo and he was released from prison by the coup leaders (Olufemi, 2004). Awolowo tried to broker a peace agreement when civil wars started on the issue of the secession of the Eastern Region (Sklar, 2004). After the failure of the limitations, Awolowo was made the finance minister in the government of Nigeria. He also gives approval when 12 Statesville established by the government in 1967. However, he was not pleased because this was not done on the basis of ethnolinguistic cohesiveness. In the book written by him in 1967, The People's Republic, he had favored federalism, socialism and democracy. According to him, all these are necessary for creating a prosperous and stable Nigeria (Awolowo and 'Biodun, 1987). He resigned from his post after a year of the end of the war. The reason was that the realized that they had very little influence on the policies made by the government and also due to the reason that he had continuously opposed the military rule. After many years of private practice as an attorney, Awolowo founded the Unity Party of Nigeria in 1979. This party was founded as the successor of the Action Group. It took part in the presidential elections that were held in 1979. However, he lost the elections to Alhaji Shehu Shagari by nearly 400,000 votes as the elections were heavily rigged. He again took part in the presidential elections in 1983. This time he lost to Shagari by nearly 4,000,000 votes. However, Awolowo considered that the elections were fraudulent. However in the Yoruba dominated areas, his party did well (Adegbola and Bankole, 1997). The legacy of Awolowo: the University of Ife has been rechristened as Obafemi Awolowo University in the memory of the leader. His portrait can be found on one hundred naira, the currency notes of Nigeria. The legacy of religion is also honored by the Obafemi Awolowo Foundation. He has been described by the experts as the most cherished philosopher and political thinker of Africa. It has also been mentioned as the memorial website that he was a sage and a philosopher king. Awolowo also gets the credit for building the first stadium in West Africa, as well as the first television station in Africa. His civil service is considered as the best in Africa and that time. He is also known for introducing free healthcare in the Western region in the age of 18. He introduced free and compulsory basic education in Western Nigeria. While in the past, the currency of Nigeria was known as the Nigerian Pound but he gave it the name of Naira. In his position as the Premier of Western Nigeria, he had achieved high distinction in public affairs management but at the same time, he was also observed the due to the lack of financial clout of power with the central government. That is perhaps the main reason due to which he made the decision to contest the national elections. It has been described as the best President Nigeria ever had and his name is still invoked while opposing autocratic and military rule. References Adebayo, A.G., 1988. Awolowo and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria. In: Oyelaran, O.O., et al. (Eds.), Obafemi Awolowo: The End of an Era? OAU Press, Ile-Ife, pp: 392 Adegbesan, P.R.A. (1988), Awolowo and the Politics of Education in Nigeria Obafemi Awolowo: The End of an Era? (ed) Olasope .O.Oyediran et al., Ile-Ife: O.A.U. Press. Adegbola, G., and Bankole O. 1997, His Truth is Marching On: A Pictorial Biography of Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Lagos, NG: Obafemi Awolowo Foundation Adekola, A. (2002), Obafemi Awolowo: The Colossus, Ibadan: Shiloh Publishers. Awolowo, O. 1981, Voice of Wisdom: Selected Speeches of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, vol. 3. Akure: Fagbamigbe Publishers. Awolowo, O. and 'Biodun O. 1987, Awo: The Nigerian Colossus. Ibadan, NG: A. Onibonoje Agencies Dudley, B. J. 1978. The Political Theory of Awolowo and Azikiwe In Onigu Otite (ed.), Themes in African Social and Political Thought, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers. Duffy, J. and Robert A. Manners (eds.). 1961. Africa Speaks. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand. Ikelegbe, O., 1988. Awolowo: The Legacy of Party Organization. In: Oyelaran, O.O., et al., (Eds.), Obafemi Awolowo: The End of an Era? OAU Press, Ile-Ife, pp: 571, 568 Makinde, M. A. 2009. Awo: The Last Conversation. Ibadan: Evans Publishers. Makinde, M. A., and Obafemi A. 2002, Awo as a Philosopher. Ile-Ife, NG: Obafemi Awolowo University Press Makinde, M.A. (2007), Political Scepticism: Nigeria and the Outside World, African Philosophy: Demise of a Controversy, Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University. Meredith, M., 2005, The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. New York: Public Affairs Nathaniel T., 2008, African Liberators of Nigeria, Chicken Bones: A Journal. Nolte, I. 2009. Obafemi Awolowo and the Making of Remo: The Local Politics of a Nigerian Nationalist. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Nwanwene, O., 1970 Awolowos Political Philosophy Quarterly Journal of Administration, IV: 127153 Ogunmodede, F. I., 1986. Chief Obafemi Awolowos Socio-political Philosophy: A Critical Interpretation. Rome: Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana. Ogunmodede, F.I. (1986), Chief Obafemi Awolowos Socio-Political Philosophy: A Critical Interpretation, Ibadan: Intec Printers. Oke, D. O., Olatunji D., Adebayo W., and Femi A., (eds.). 2009. AWO: On the Trail of a Titan. Lagos: The Obafemi Awolowo Foundation. Olufemi, T., 1986, The Political Thought of Obafemi Awolowo Nigerian Journal of Philosophy, 6(1-2): pp. 1133. Olufemi. T., 1991, Unity in Diversity?: Obafemi Awolowo and the National Question in Nigeria. Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XVIII(1-2): 4359 Olufemi. T., 2004 Post-Independence African Political Philosophy In Kwasi Wiredu (ed.), Companion to African Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Richard J., 2008, Nigeria: Inside the Dismal Tunnel, Current History. Retrieved September 17, 2008 Rotberg, R. I., 2004, Crafting the New Nigeria: Confronting the Challenges. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers Shillington, K. 2005, Encyclopedia of African History New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn Simpson, D.B. (2006), The Cultural Degradation of Universal Education: The Educational view of Robert Lewis Dabney, Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 20, No 3. Sklar, R. L. 2004, Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press Sklar, R., 1963. Nigerian Political Parties. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp: 270-171. Trask, S. H. A. (2004), William Graham Summer: Against Democracy, Plutocracy, and Imperialism, Journal of Libertarian Studies,Vol. 28, No. 4 (2004). Weiner M and zbudun, E., 1987, Competitive Elections in Developing Countries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, p237 Zachernuk, P., 1988. Awolowos Economic Thought in Historical Perspective. In: Oyelaran, O.O., et al. (Eds.), Obafemi Awolowo: The End of an Era? OAU Press, Ile-Ife, pp: 277-282.

Wwi - Total War Essays - Economic Warfare, Politics,

Wwi - Total War By 1939 France and Great Britain had declared war on Germany. Germany had invaded Poland and was working towards European domination while on the other side of the globe Japan had launched a massive attack on China and Korea and was steadily moving over the Pacific in an attempt to gain complete control over Greater East Asia. Italy was attempting to conquer the Mediterranean and was, thus far, triumphant. All was being broadcast globally on the radio. This was becoming a war unlike any in the 20th century, even the First World War couldn't compare to this gruesome fight against fascism, communism and world domination. For the first time ever there was a war on nearly every continent and ocean as well as every head and heart. This essay will examine how the media, economic and militaristic mobilization as well as the ideological opinions contribute to the view of the world being engrossed in what has now been called the last noble war. This war characterized itself by the complete mobilization of man and his

The Discovery of Fire in the Early Stone Age

The Discovery of Fire in the Early Stone Age The discovery of fire, or, more precisely, the controlled use of fire, was one of mankinds first great innovations. Fire allows us to produce light and heat, to cook plants and animals, to clear forests for planting, to heat-treat stone for making stone tools, to keep predator animals away, and to burn clay for ceramic objects. It has social purposes as well. Fires serve as gathering places, as beacons for those away from camp, and as spaces for special activities. The Progress of Fire Control The human control of fire likely required the cognitive ability to conceptualize the idea of fire, which itself has been recognized in chimpanzees; great apes have been known to prefer their foods cooked. The fact that experimentation with fire occurred during the early days of humanity should come as no surprise. Archaeologist J.A.J. Gowlett offers this general outline for the development of fire use:  opportunistic use of fire from natural occurrences (lightning strikes, meteor impacts, etc);  limited conservation of fires lit by natural occurrences; use of animal dung or other slow-burning substances to maintain fires in wet or cold seasons; and finally,  kindled fire. Early Evidence The controlled use of fire was likely an invention of our ancestor Homo erectus during the Early Stone Age (or Lower Paleolithic). The earliest evidence of fire associated with humans  comes from Oldowan hominid sites in the Lake Turkana region of Kenya. The site of Koobi Fora contained oxidized patches of earth to a depth of several centimeters, which some scholars interpret as evidence of fire control. The Australopithecine site of Chesowanja in central Kenya (about 1.4 million years old) also contained burned clay clasts  in small areas. Other Lower Paleolithic sites in Africa that contain possible evidence of fire include Gadeb in Ethiopia (burned rock), and Swartkrans (burned bones) and Wonderwerk Cave (burned ash and bone fragments), both in South Africa. The earliest evidence for controlled use of fire outside of Africa is at the Lower Paleolithic site of Gesher Benot Yaaqov in Israel, where charred wood and seeds were recovered from a site dated 790,000 years old. Other evidence has been found at Zhoukoudian, a Lower Paleolithic site in China, Beeches Pit in the U.K., and Qesem Cave in Israel. An Ongoing Discussion Archaeologists examined the available data for European sites and concluded that habitual use of fire wasnt part of the suite of human behaviors until about 300,000 to 400,000 years ago. They believe that the earlier sites are representative of the  opportunistic use of natural fires. Terrence Twomey published a comprehensive discussion of the early evidence for the  human control of fire at 400,000 to 800,000 years ago. Twomey believes that there is no direct evidence for domestic fires between 400,000 and 700,000 years ago, but he believes that other, indirect evidence supports the notion of the controlled use of fire. Indirect Evidence Twomeys argument is based on several lines of indirect evidence. First, he cites the metabolic demands of relatively big-brained Middle Pleistocene hunter-gatherers  and suggests that brain evolution required cooked food. Further, he argues that our distinctive sleep patterns (staying up after dark) are deeply rooted and that hominids began staying in seasonally or permanently cool places by 800,000 years ago. All of this, says Twomey, implies effective control of fire. Gowlett and Richard Wrangham argue that another piece of indirect evidence for the early use of fire is that our ancestors Homo  erectus evolved smaller mouths, teeth, and digestive systems, in striking contrast to earlier hominids. The benefits of having a smaller gut could not be realized until high-quality foods were available all year long. The adoption of cooking, which softens food and makes it easier to digest, could have led to these changes. Hearth Fire Construction A hearth is a deliberately constructed fireplace. The earliest examples were made by collecting stones to contain the fires, or simply by reusing the same location again and again and allowing the ash from previous fires to accumulate. Hearths from the Middle Paleolithic period (about 200,000 to 40,000 years ago) have been found at sites such as the Klasies River Caves in South Africa, Tabun Cave in Israel, and Bolomor Cave in Spain. Earth ovens, on the other hand, are hearths with banked and sometimes domed structures built of clay. These types of hearths were first used during the Upper Paleolithic period for cooking and heating and sometimes for burning clay figurines. The Gravettian Dolni Vestonice site in the modern Czech Republic has evidence of kiln construction, although construction details did not survive. The best information on Upper Paleolithic kilns is from the Aurignacian deposits of Klisoura Cave  in Greece. Fuels Relict wood was likely the fuel used for the earliest fires. Purposeful selection of wood came later: hardwood such as oak burns differently than softwood such as pine, since the moisture content and density of a wood all affect how hot or long it will burn. In places where wood was not available, alternative fuels such as peat, cut turf, animal dung, animal bone, seaweed, and straw were used to build fires. Animal dung was likely not consistently used until after animal domestication  led to the keeping of livestock, about 10,000 years ago. Sources Attwell L., Kovarovic K., and Kendal J.R. Fire in the Plio-Pleistocene: The Functions of Hominin Fire Use, and the Mechanistic, Developmental and Evolutionary Consequences. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 2015.Bentsen S.E. Using Pyrotechnology: Fire-Related Features and Activities With a Focus on the African Middle Stone Age. Journal of Archaeological Research, 2014.Gowlett J.A.J. The Discovery of Fire by Humans: A Long and Convoluted Process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2016.Gowlett J.A.J., and Wrangham R.W. Earliest Fire in Africa: Towards the Convergence of Archaeological Evidence and the Cooking Hypothesis. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 2013.Stahlschmidt M.C., Miller C.E., Ligouis B., Hambach U., Goldberg P., Berna F., Richter D., Urban B., Serangeli J., and Conard N.J. On the Evidence for Human Use and Control of Fire at Schà ¶ningen. Journal of Human Evolution, 2015.Twomey T. The Cognitive Implications of Controlled Fire Use by Early Humans. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2013.

Case study on cafe expresso

This is a detailed report on a research case study cafe expresso. This report throws light on how the company was facing problems because of their stagnant marketing strategy. And how did the company loose its market share and went to number three position after it faced down fall. They appointed a new chief executive Ben Thomson who brought up many changes in the company. This report also highlights about Ben Thomson’s leadership qualities. In this context few of important types of leadership theories and styles are explained. Ben Thomson also appointed Kam Patel as a new global HR who brought many important changes in the organization. This report critically analyses the situation of the cafe expresso and the role played by Ben Thomson and Kam patel, through underpinning theories of leadership, human recourse management and team work. The report also makes few recommendations to the company that will help the company to grow with its goodwill and will be able to get back to the number one position in the market with new name and fame. Table of Contents 1. 0. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This case study elaborates us about a cafe house which was one amongst the most well reputed cafe houses in the world. Due to certain unfavorable situations, the cafe expresso had to face some problems. This report has discussed about Leadership, human resource management and team work in relation to this case study. I have also highlighted certain points on leadership styles and quality, human resource management characteristics and factors, team work and working effectively with the team. The report gives a clear picture on how the company worked together and how the new chief executive Ben Thomson worked in the situation of crisis. Then when the new HR director was appointed what kind of strategies she applied and what kind of new innovative idea she came up with, to encourage and motivate employees. It also discusses what kind of strategic planning she followed and so on. Strategic participation is very important for HR executives who desire to have increased influence in their company. A number of prior studies have suggested a great connection between Human resource management and strategic planning (Uen and Ahlstrom, 2012). Leadership is a special quality that not all individual possess. It is a kind of talent that has to be developed. According to Claydon. et. al, (2010, pg. 295), leadership in an organizational role involves establishing a clear vision and sharing that vision with others so that they follow willingly. In other words, the activity of leading people or a group of people or an organization or the capacity to follow the aim is called as leadership. The report also elaborates on team work and how the entire team in the organization helped the organization to get back its number one position. According to Claydon. et. al, (2010, pg. 650), â€Å"team work is difficult part of administration as it involves employees to work together trying their best to work under any situations and circumstances†. In other words, team work is the process of working together collaboratively with a team of people in order to achieve a goal . The main things that are highlighted in this report is, how did cafe expresso prelaunch their marketing strategy to get back their number one position back. According to Torrington and Hall (2011, pg. 57) â€Å"Human resource management includes conducting job, planning the needs, training orienting, communicating, recruiting the right people for right job†. It was an administrative discipline of engaging and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization. The report gives a clear picture of performance management and how did all employees work together to attain the goal. According to Kleynhams, Markham. et. al (2007), â€Å"A work of an employee is to progress towards predetermined goals†. LITERATURE REVIEW Cafe Expresso was one of the most leading cafe houses and it was also one among top three players in the cafe house. Cafe expresso had enjoyed 15 years of advantage of being on number one position. The main drawback which was committed by Cafe expresso was that, they being in a dynamic service sector, they did not change their marketing strategy and hence it caused them a problem, because other competitors from coffee world took over their business strategy and hence they had to face a major drawback in the market. Cafe expresso lost its market share. For a company to succeed in the turbulence of today’s business markets, it must never stand still or allow employees mindsets to congeal. This was one of the main mistakes committed by cafe espresso. Cafe expresso did not patent their company, so that any other companies couldn’t copy their business strategy. (Smith and Day, 2000). Strategic planning in many organizations has never given space for strategic thinking. However the planning is not sufficient. The requirement for strategic planning has never been in demand (Uehlinger,2004). Valuing employees in crucial time and communicating with them can help employee to motivate and reduce tension among employees. It helps building of essential trust and commitment to company. When the company hired a new chief executive Ben Thomson he transformed the entire organizational strategy. Ben Thomson took over the company’s marketing policy to a new level and helped it to come up with new marketing strategy. LEADERSHIP STYLES AND QUALITIES In a business there is a leadership style called â€Å"transformational leadership† which is essential and effective. Transformational leaders have ability, skills and integrity by which they encourage people to manage and communicate (Clegg, et. al, 2011, pg. 141). There are other few styles of leadership that are very famous like, 1. Transactional Leadership 2. Autocratic Leadership 3. Bureaucratic Leadership 4. Charismatic Leadership 1. Transactional Leadership According to Clegg,et. al, (2011, pg. ,138), â€Å"Transactional Leadership is a leadership style that starts with an idea that, the followers agrees to obey their leader â€Å". In this kind of leadership the leader has all the right towards their employees. This is such a kind of leadership which is based on management more than a dictator kind of leadership. In this kind of leadership the employees are encouraged by giving incentives, commission etc. 2. Autocratic Leadership According to Torrington,et. al, (1998, pg. 295), â€Å"Autocratic Leadership is a kind of leadership is an extreme kind of leadership where only the leaders have control over their employees†. This kind of leadership is used only in crisis when any kind of complex decisions have to be taken. That permits groups to relate their attention on performing there given tasks and vision, mission. 3. Bureaucratic Leadership According Torrington,et. al (1998,pg. 299), â€Å"Bureaucratic leadership is a Style where they work by books, follow procedures and ensure that their people work accordingly†. This can cause resentment when members don’t follow their advice or expertise. 4. Charismatic Leadership According to Clegg. et. al, (2011, pg. 139) â€Å"the difference between charismatic and transformational leadership lies between their main intention. The important side of charismatic leaders is that they believe more in self than in teamwork. In this kind of leadership if leaders take wrong decisions the whole company collapses. From the above mentioned 4 types of leadership, it can be concluded that, Ben Thomson was a transactional leader. He took up all the important managerial responsibility of the organization and also encouraged his employees simultaneously. We can also call him a charismatic leader, because he came up with certain ideas of employing a new global HR who took up the risk and applied it in an organization, where all the employees agreed to work accordingly and hence they succeeded to achieve their goal. According to the charismatic style of leadership the main intention was to reintroduce the entire marketing strategy in an organization. Kam Patel also can be regarded as transactional and charismatic leader. She took up risk of giving the opportunity to the store managers to take interview of new candidates and also gave opportunity to selected candidates to work on half-trial basis. According to Sparrow,et. al (1998, pg. 245), â€Å"a magnanimous leader is one who sees that a proper credit is given to all his/her employees†. Kam Patel is a magnanimous leader. This kind of leaders helps the employees to concentrate and grow better day-by-day. To become famous and take responsibility of failure needs courage that is a hallmark of leadership. HUMAN RESOURCE STRATEGY According to Torrington, et. al, (1998,pg. 69), the human resource management is about assurance and attitude, which is carried in business environment. (Eg: Kam Patel took into consideration about the wages and interest of employees). The following few factors are taken in to consideration while discussing about HRM. 1. Environmental factors 2. Share Holder 3. Human resource strategy 4. Long-term outcomes. According to Maund. et. al, (2001, pg. 71), human resource management has become very popular in western countries. It is very important how HRM is being handled for the success of the business. Like fashion and new trends in technology the human resource strategy also keeps changing day to day. Characteristics of Human resource management (Maund,. et. al. 2001,pg. 32. ) 1. A particular path of promises and hypothesis 2. A strategy informing and involving decision about employee 3. The central participation of all managers 4. Reliability to improve employment relationship. 5. Huaman resource management is about commitment, trust and employee-centered According to Wright, Gehart, et. al, (2010, pg. 350), companies that look for competitive advantage from employees must be ready to manage the outputs and attitudes of all the employees. Performance appraisal is a legal/official duty that is followed by managers and is accepted as the primary responsibility of human resource function. Managers now look at performance appraisal as annual belief. Kam Patel was very much aware of the situation and the environment in the organization hence she took a decision of making performance appraisal by making the employees of the organization as partners of cafe expresso. This was one of the new HR strategy which was introduced by her. She also stressed more on the following points like business strategy, resourcing and retention, learning and development, talent management, employee involvement and communication, compensation, incentives and benefits. Motivation: According to Maslow (1965), motivation refers to encouragement or supporting to work more effectively (Clegg, Kornberger and Pitsis,2011, pg. 148). In this context, it shows how Kam Patel, also focused on the compensation and benefits. She introduced new discount program, where the employees of the organization could have 30% of discount in all coffee stores globally. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Performance management is one of the key factors that are supposed to be included in the management sector (Loewenberger, 2012). It includes few essential factors like, 1. Leading and motivating 2. Learning and development 3. Reward and recognition 4. Involvement, participation, and empowerment 5. Managing teams 6. Assessing performance Performance management is one of the key factors in the organization because it involves the efforts that are taken by the management and the leader (Loewenberger, 2012). The cafe expresso had to concentrate more on performance management because they had lost their market share. And also, because of less wages, they had few employees. So they had to concentrate more on performance management criteria to get back their position, because some where Ben Thomson and Kam Patel knew, how to handle and deal with performance management. Hence they were successful. TEAM WORK According to Torrington and Hall, (1998, pg. 335), a team can be described as a certain number of individuals working together to achieve a common goal. While performing in an organization the team comes at the beginning and the individual comes later. All the task that individual member does is regarded as the fulfillment towards the teams goal rather then their individual credibility. In other words, a team can be termed as more psychologically committed to each other to achieve a common target in which all employees are involved and share some amount of responsibility and outcome (Clegg, Kornberger and Pitsis, 2011, pg. 88). In the case of Cafe expresso, Kam Patel encouraged the employees of the organization to work in unity. She focused on appointing new partners through window advertising and verbal evidence. This approach worked very well for her because quite a lot of partners actually understood the marketing strategy and marketing approach of the organization. This kind of behavioral approach shows how Kam Patel worked indirectly on teamwork and took efforts to reach out to the employees. FUNCTIONS OF TEAM WORK (Loewenberger, 2012): 1. Task 2. Maintenance 3. Self-orientated 4. Collective performance 5. Positive energy 6. Complementary skills TASKS PERFORMED BY TEAM WORK Task is one of the main functions of team when they work together. A real team has a common approach goal and strategy to work together to achieve its goal. While working in team if people don’t challenge each other they will not be able to work effectively and independently. In a high-functioning team, people enjoy their work because any problem which comes across the team, becomes a challenge to them and hence they enjoy it. So any problem or difficult situation which ever comes across them they take it as a challenge (Loewenberger, 2012). In the case of cafe expresso the loss of market share and the loss of their number one position was one of the main challenges and it was a very difficult situation.. CONCLUSION It is believed employees and relationships are at the core of the business success. Hence from the above report we can draw a conclusion that cafe expresso was one of the leading cafe expresso and due to their stagnant marketing strategy they did not bring in any essential changes in their organization. Hence their marketing strategy remained the same for 15 years. In the mean time, other coffee houses copied their marketing strategies and plans, which affected their market share and hence they lost their position in the market. Under the active leadership of Ben Thomson and Kam Patel, the company undertook many new steps and tried to improve their marketing strategy. Kam Patel being the new HR manager introduced few ideas because of which the company got its position back. Even the employees were encouraged and motivated. Because of above factors, they recaptured their market share to some extent and were able to move to number two positions as the best cafe house across the globe. The company made many changes and followed new practices in the area of HRM, teamwork, leadership, and performance management to resolve their problems. When Ben Thomson and Kam Patel worked together as a team they were very successful and hence they enjoyed their work and came up with new strategies, which actually helped the team to achieve their market share and also helped to regain their position in the market. When Kam Patel actually brought up the new policy of making the employees as the business partners this strategy helped directly to the organization because each and every individual would with more interest and enthusiasm because they would feel that somewhere they were also responsible towards the success of the company. The strategy of feedback from customers helped the organization to develop and improve . She also introduced a coffee program called â€Å"coffee master â€Å"which enabled the employees to become ambassador. The discount of 30%added up to motivate the employees in a positive attitude. RECOMMENDATION After the analysis of the case study as a management student I strongly recommend SWOT analysis that is explained below with help of a diagram. Internal Factors STRENGTHS WEAKNESS Marketing expertise Innovation Location Quality process Business that adds value to service Un- differentiated service Risk of stagnant marketing strategy Low employee morale Wage plan External Factors OPPORTUNITY THREAT Improve performance Innovation Patents Adding of new services Endorsements by celebrities Can be expensive Can be copied Can become hectic work for employees Can cause a problem for taxation 1. The company should introduce a scheme where a particular employee is been rewarded regardless of his incentives. 2. The company should develop their own USP to reach out to more customers. 3. The company should understand the competitor’s strategy well and try to be more innovate in their own strategy reach out to more customers in order to regain their number one position. 4. The company should carry out some training sessions that are going to be more creative and fun 5. The customers who visit regularly should be given some discount when the customer buys any mega deal 6. The company should maintain the standard salary of the industry to retain their employees. 7. The customers should be given a card on which they can add credit points on the basis of coffee they purchase so that when the customer buys the same coffee next time he gets a discount. 8. The customer should be encouraged to invest in the companies share by doing this the customer will indirectly help the company to advertise and hence the company will get publicity. 9. If the company adds some more kind of flavors and varieties this will attract the customers.

RFID Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RFID - Essay Example It is greatly used by the organizations for tracking their assets. They just put the RFID tags so that the assets can be easily located. The technology has also been in use in various manufacturing plants for many years. It is used for tracking the parts as well as monitoring the movement of the ‘work’. It is also used for the reduction of defects and enhancement of output levels. Supply chain of the retail chains is one of the major areas where RFID technology has been playing crucial role for the past few decades. Furthermore, the technology has also made the payment mechanisms more convenient especially in case of ‘road tolls’ and ‘quick service restaurants’ (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility, n.d.). The main purpose of RFID technology is enabling data for being transmitted through a portable device such as ‘tag’. A RFID reader reads this tag and then it is further processed in accordance to the requirements of the user. The data which is getting transmitted is capable of providing information regarding the locations, identifications or even the specific features of a particular product. RFID technology has become very popular for its capability of tracking ‘moving objects’ (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility,